UNAU KAN NI E

Prof. Jangkhongam Doungel

Department of Political Science

Mizoram University

He paper hi Pu Jangkhongam Dougel in ni 6th December, 2016 a 
‘ZO FEST’, Zokhawthar a neih tuma a present a ni.

1. Thuhma:-

‘Zofate’ tih hian ‘Zo hnahthlak’ zawng zawng hi a huam vek a ni tih kan hriat hmasak a ngaiin ka hria. A nih leh, ‘Zo hnahthlak’ tih hian eng chen nge a huam le? Hei hi zawhna pawimawh leh ngaihtuah uluk ngai tak chu a ni ta.

Prof. Jangkhongam Dougel

‘Zo hnahthlak’ te tih hian chhuahna thuhmun, bul thuhmun atanga chhuak kan nihna a kawka, chu chuan unau kan nihna a ti chiang hle a ni. Kan chhuahna hmun ‘Chhinlung’ tia kan hriat lar em em hi, Sinlung, Khul (Khur), Khurpui, Khurtu-bi-jur, Khol¹, Puk, Lungkua² leh Hurpi³ ti pawha hriat a ni bawk. ‘Chhinlung’ hmun chiah hi chiang taka finfiah theih la ni lo mah se, historian ho pawmdan chuan, China chhimlam (South China)-a awm ni ngeiin an ring. ‘Zo hnahthlak’ chu Chin, Kuki, Mizo, Zomi leh Dzo te hi kan ni deuh ber a. Chung Zofate chu an tawng hman danah chi hniha then theih an ni a, hetiangin : ‘R’ group leh non- ‘R’ group emaw ‘G’ group emaw tiin an then theih. ’R’ ri (sound) hmang ho hian leilung, saptawnga ‘land’ kan tih hi ‘ram’ an ti vek a; ‘G’ ri (sound) hmangho erawh chuan ‘gam’ an ti vek thung a ni. Sap tawnga ‘Snake’ tih hi ‘R’ ri (sound) hmang ho chuan ‘rul’ an ti vek a, ‘G’ ri (sound) hmang ho erawh chuan ‘gul’ an ti vek. Tin, ‘g’ ri (sound) hmang ho hian ‘R’ hi lam rik harsa an ti em em⁴.

 ‘R’ ri (sound) hmang hnam pengte thenkhat te chu – Aimol, Anal, Bawm, Biete, Chiru, Chothe (Chawhte), Chorai, Darlong, Halam, Hmar, Hrangkhol, Kawllawi, Kharam, Lusei, Kom, Koireng, Koirao, Lamkang, Langrong, Lai,(Pawi) Maring, Miu-Khumi, Mara (Lakher), Moyon, Monsang, Pang, Ralte, Rupini, Sairang leh Sakhichep (sakechep) leh te an ni a; ‘G’ ri (sound) hmanglo then khat te chu – Gangte, Paite, Simte, Sijang, Sukte, Thadou-Kuki, Tiddim-Chin, Thangkhal, Zou, Simte, Vaiphei leh Zou te an ni.⁵

Tawng inhre-pawh tawn leh bul hmun khat hote buaina ber chu hming (nomenclature) hi a ni. May 18-19, 1988 a Champhai, Mizoram-a Zo Reunification Organisation (ZORO) din a nih khan, Zofate zawng zawng kan inawpkhawmna hming atan ‘Zo’ ni rawh se, tia an lo rel ang hian, Zo hi ZORO in a kalpui deuh ta a ni⁶.

 ‘Zo’ tih hi hming thar a ni lo tih hre chiangtu vek kan nih ka ring. ‘Zo’ tihah hian Zofate zawng zawng kan leng vek a. Neitu bik awm lo, neitu dik tak nihna kan chan tlan theih vekna hming niin a lang. Chhinlung chhuak Zofate hian zia-rang, tawng, khawsak phung, incheina, serh leh sang, pipute eizawnna, silhfen leh ralthuamah te inanna tam tak kan nei a. Heng zawng zawng hi ‘chhul khat kual’ kan nihna tilang chiangtu te an ni. Hun engemaw chen kal ta atanga vawiin thleng hian, kan duh vang leh kan remtihna vang pawh ni lovin, Zofate hi India, Myanmar (Burma) leh Bangladesh-ah te thendarh kan lo ni ta a. International boundary- in min then darh mah se, unau kan nihna leh bul hmun khat kan nihna erawh a bo thei ngai lovang. Unau, ‘chhul khat kual’ dik tak kan nihna hriat chian leh zual deuh deuh hi tute pawhin kan tum tlat zawk tur a ni.

2. Zofate thlang thlak dan leh an luah ram:-

Chhinlung chhuak Zofate hi Mongolian mite thlah, Tibeto-Burman pawl zinga mi niin ziaktu hmasate chuan an sawi a. Zofate thlahtu bul nia hriat, Chinese hovin ‘Chiang’ tia an koh Tibeto-Burman tawng hlawm hmang hote chuan, Kel leh Beram an vulh thin a. Chinese- te erawh chuan Lawi, Bawng leh Vawk an vulh thung. Beram vulhna phulah reng reng Bawng a tlattir theih loh avangin, khawvel hmun dangah pawh an ranvulhte chaw ei tur avangin mihring an khawsa ho thei lo a, an indo phah thin reng a ni. Hei hian Zofate thlahtu bulte leh Chinese ho inkarah pawh indona a thlen fo thin a, ‘Chiang’ an hmante chu Chinese hovin inthawina saah an hmang thin niin an sawi. Chutiang avang chuan, Zofate thlahtu bul hote chuan awmhmun an sawn lo thei ta lo a ni. Chung mite chuan, BC 100 vel khan Mekong leh Yangtse lui hnar an thleng ni a rin a ni a. Chumi hnu ah, Chindwin lui chu a hnar atanga zawh chhuakin, kum 700 AD khan Chindwin phaizawl rawn thlengin, chung lai hmunah te chuan an lo cheng tawha rin a ni. Tin, Kawlphai (Kabaw Valley) hi kum 800-850 AD khan an thleng nia hriat a ni bawk.⁷ Mizo Historian lar tak K. Zawla erawh chuan Kawlphai an thlen hi AD 996 niin a ring a, tin, Kawlphaiah hian kum 300 vel an cheng niin a sawi nghe nghe. Zofate chu Kale Lal-inpui (Kale Palace) saknaah Kale Lal, Sao Saw chuan a ruai niin sawi a ni a. Tichuan, Zofate chu kumzabi 14 na velah Chin Hills lut tan nia rin a ni. Chin Hills atang hian Zofate chu Mizoram, Chhitagong, Manipur, Assam, Tripura-ah te lutin, an thlen chin ram chu an luah nghal zel a, thenkhat chu Nagaland leh Meghalaya thlengin an inzardarh ta zel a ni.⁸      

Zalen tak leh thunei taka an awp ram chhunga lo khawsa thin Zofate chu, Kumpinu Sawrkarin ram bung pathum-a a thendarh tak avangin khuahkhirhna hnuaiah an lo awm ta a; tun hma ang khan an zalen thei ta lo a ni. Chu chauh nilovin, Kumpinu (British) Sawrkarin India a chhuahsan dawn khan, Zofate luah ram chu zalen ram pathum (three sovereign countries)-a thendarh a ni ta a: hei hian Zofate chan a ti chhe ta em em a ni. Ram pathum – India, Myanmar leh Bangladesh-a thendarh an nih tak avangin, tunhma-a an lo inkalpawh thin ang khan an inkalpawh thei ta lo va. Zalen taka an luah ram chhunga hun an lo hman thin ang kha, roreltu hran theuh hnuaia an awm tak avangin, a rem thei ta bawk lo va. Amaherawhchu, inkawm tam vak lo leh inpawh vak lovin awm thin mah se, chhul khat chhuak an nihna leh thlahtu thuhmun an nihna chu an hai lova, an theihnghilh ngai bawk hek lo. Tin, tawng, khawsak phung, incheina, serh leh sang, pipute eizawnna, thawnthu thuhmun, silhfen, ralthuam leh thil dang danga inanna te hian, unau an nihna hi a nemnghet tlat a, thisen-a pianghmun unaute inzawmna chu International boundary pawhin a tihchhiatsak thei lo a ni ber mai. Chuvangin, tuna Zofaten kan luah ram zawng zawng hi Zofate ram a ni tih kan hriat reng a tha ang.

3. Zofate buaina nomenclature:-

Kan pi/pute kawlphaia an khawsak atang khan ‘Chin’ tia hriat an lo ni daih tawh a ni awm e. ‘Chin’ tia Zofate koh an nih chhan hi sawi dan chi hrang hrang a awm a. Thenkhatin, ‘Chin’ tih hi ‘thian’ sawina atana hman a ni an ti a. Prof. G.G. Luce chuan, Zofate kha Kawl (Burmese) hovin thian tha anga an en avangin, thian, Kawl tawnga ‘Chin’ tiin an kova –chu chu, Kawl tawng hlui (Old Burmese word’ ‘Khyang’ atanga lakchhuah a ni a ti a. Hei hi, vawiina Kawl tawng an hman mek (contemporary Burmese word)-ah chuan ‘Chin’ tih a ni a, chu chu ‘em’ sawina a ni a ti.⁹ Chuvangin, Zofate khan em an lo phurh thin avangin, em phur chhinchhiahna atan ‘Chin’ tih hming hi lo chhuak ang pawha sawi a lo ni ta . ‘Chin’ lo chhuah dan chu a eng-a pawh chu lo ni ta se – hei hi a dik bera, hei hi a diklo tihah hian kan inhnial dawn anih chuan, kan inhnialna a tawp thei tak tak lo vang. A pawimawh ber zawk erawh chu, ‘Chin’ tih hi, Kawl ho leh hnam dang ten, Zofate, chhul khat chhuak, thisena inzawm kan nih anga min lo kohhna hming hmasa ber a lo ni. Kawl ho bakah, Shan leh Kachin te pawhin ‘Chin’ tih hi min hriatna leh min koh thin na a lo ni reng mai. Lian H. Sakhong leh Elaisa Vahnie te chuan, ‘Chin’ tih hi Kawlho chauhvina min kohna leh Kawl tawng atanga chhuak nilovin, Zofate tawng ngei atanga chhuak a ni an ti a. Hemi ngaihdan hi, Prof F.K. Lehman (Marki Pa) pawhin a pawmpui tlat a ni. Prof F.K. Lehman hi khawvela Anthropologist lar tak, Chin (Zofate) chungchang zir chiangtu leh authority a ni a. Ani sawi danin, ‘Chin’ thumal hi kum 1400 AD-a Pagan Lal, “‘Kyanzittha’an lungpheka a thuziak (stone inscription)-ah a lo hmang hmasa ber a ni,” a ti a. Zofate Kawlphai an thlen hnuah chauh ‘Chin’ hi hman tan niin a sawi bawk. Lehman’an a sawi zelnaah ‘Chin’ leh ‘Zo’ hi Zofate chhianchhiahna leh kohna thumal, an mahni tawngah pawh lang ve ve- tunhma atanga hriat an hlawhna hming a ni a ti a. Ani chuan, ‘Chin’ tih hi khawvel-in Zofate a lo hmelhriatna hmasa zawk a ni, a ti.¹⁰ ‘Chin’ chungchang lehkhabu-a ziak hmasa bertu chu, Father Sangermono a ni a, ani hi Roman Catholic Father, kum 1783 atanga 1796 thleng Chin Hills-a Roman Catholic Missionary lo thawk tawh a ni. A thuziak hi, a thih hnu kum za tlin dawn tepah, kum 1893-ah khan “The Burmese Empire” tiin lehkhabu-a chhut a ni chauh.¹¹ Prof. Lehman sawi angin, ‘Chin’ tih hi Zofate hriat kan nihna hming hmasaber a ni a, kan pi/puten thlang an lo tlaka, Burma ram chhunga an khawsak lai khan ‘Chin’ tia hriat an lo ni tawh a ni. Chuvangin, tun hun thleng hian, Burma rama Zofate chu Chin ti a hriat an la ni ta reng a ni.

Kan pi/pute khan Kawlphai (Kabaw Valley) an chhuahsan hun hi kum 1200 AD bawr vel ni tura ngaih a ni a. Tin, tawng tlem tlema a lo danglam hret hretna hi Kawlphai an chhuahsan hnua lo intan nia rin a ni. Kawlphai atangin tlangram lam panin Chin Hills-ah an khawsa a, thenkhat Chin Hills atanga thlang lo tla lehin, Lushai Hills, Arakan, Chittagong, Tripura, Assam leh Manipur te an luah ta a, thenkhat Meghalaya leh Nagaland¹² thlengin an inzardarh ta a ni. Burma-a ‘Chin’ tia hriat te kha, thlang an tlak hnuah, Bengali hovin ‘Kuki’ tiin an lo ko va, chu chu, thlang tla ta te kohna a lo ni ta a ni. Lian H. Sakhong sawi dan chuan, Assam leh Bengal-a ‘Chin’ hnam awm te kha ‘Kuki’ tia hriat an ni a. ‘Kuki’ tih hi Bengali thumal a ni a, a awmzia chu ‘tlang mite emaw tlang rama chengte’tihna a ni, a ti a.¹³ Tichuan, tuna India ram lo ni taa thlang lo tla Zofate kohhna atan ‘Kuki’ chu hman a ni ta a; amaherawhchu, hnam peng thenkhatin Bengali hovina anmahni an kohhna hi an hmang chuang lo a ni. Tin, Bengal leh Assam-a an lo luh dan azirin, hnam peng lo lut hmasa-te kha Old Kuki tia hriat an lo ni ta a, a lo lut hnuhnung deuh te erawh chu New Kuki tia hriat an lo ni ta a ni. Kum zabi 15-na vela lo lut te kha Old Kuki tia hriat an ni a, kumzabi 18-na tawp dawn hnaiha lo lut te erawh chu New Kuki tia hriat an ni.¹⁴ Old Kuki te chu – Aimol, Anal, Biete, Chiru,Cha, Hallam, Hiroi-Lamgang (Lamkang), Hmar, Koireng, Kom, Khoibu, Langrong, Moyon, Monsang, Purum leh Rangkhol (Hrangkhawl) te an ni a; New Kuki te chu-Paite, Thadou-Kuki, Simte, Vaiphei¹⁵ leh hnam peng dang lo lut tlai deuh te kha an ni.

Zofate chu Burma-ah ‘Chin’ tia hriat an la ni reng a, India-a awm te erawh chu Kuki tia hriat an lo ni ta a. Amaherawhchu, hnam peng thenkhat te chuan Kuki an inti duh lem lova, Bengali hovin anmahni an kohna a nih avanga duhlo an ni awm e. Lushai Hills (Mizoram)-a cheng a tam zawk te chuan ‘Lusei’ an inti a ni tih an hriat avangin Lushai-Kuki tiin koh an ni ta a, an chenna ram pawh chu ‘Lushai Hills’ tia hriat a lo ni ta a ni. Tin, Lushai Hills chhim lama cheng Zofa hnam peng pahnih, Pawi (vawiina ‘Lai’) leh Lakher (vawiina ‘Mara’) te chu Shendu tia hriat an lo ni bawk a. Chutichuan, Bengal Eastern Frontier (Chittagong) leh Assam (Lushai Hills)-a Zofate chu Kumpinu Sawrkarin Zofate zinga a hmelhriat hmasak ber an lo ni ta a ni. Zofate luah ram te chu Kumpinu Sawrkar chuan a thuneihna hnuaiah hetiang hian – Chittagong Hill Tracts chu kum 1890-ah, ¹⁶Tripura chu Political Agent hmangin kum 1871-ah, Manipur pawh Political Agent hmangin kum 1891- ah, Mizoram chu kum 1890-ah dah in, kum 1891 atangin rorelna an chelek tan a ni. Kumpinu Sawrkar-in India a chhuahsan dawn khan Zofate dinhmun kha a chiang loh khawp mai a. A chhan chu, an chenna ram kha rambung pathum – Assam, Bengal leh Burma-a then darh niin, chung rambung pathum te chu independent ram pathum lo ni zui nghal mai tur an nih avangin Zofate kha an buai nasa zual a ni. India in zalenna a hmuh dawn hnaihah Lushai Hills-ah political party hmasaber, Mizo Union chu April 9, 1946 khan din niin; kum khat hnuah United Mizo Freedom Organisation (UMFO) chu July 5, 1947 khan din a ni bawk a. Heng political party pahnih te hming hi official record-a Mizo hman hmasakna ber a chhal a ni. Tin, India in zalenna, August 15, 1947-a ahmuh rualin Lushai Hills pawh kha India Danpuia Sixth Schedule inrelbawlna hnuaiah District Council pek niin – chu chu Lushai Hills Autonomous District Council tia hriat a ni a. Amaherawhchu, Zo hnahthlak hnam peng zawng zawng te Lusei (Lushai) ah an leng veklo a ni tia ngaihdan a awm avangin, Lushai Hills Autonomous District Council pawh chu India Parliament in Danpui-a Sixth Schedule a siam danglam hnuah kum 1954 atang khan Mizo District Council tia hriat a lo ni ta a ni. Tin, kum 1972-ah Mizo Hills chu Union Territoryah hlankai niin, ‘Mizoram’ tia hriat a lo ni ta-in, ¹⁷Zofate mahnia inrelbawl theihna tura rambung pakhat siam hmasak ber a lo ni ta a, tichuan, Mizoram chhunga Zofate chuan ‘Chin’ leh ‘Kuki’ tia hriat/koh duh tawh lovin, Mizo vek kan ni tih chu an au chhuah pui tan ta a ni. Sangkima, B. Lalthangliana leh Vanchhunga te chuan ‘Mizo’ hi tun hnai lawka phhuah tan chauh ani lova, kan pi/pute hun rei fe atanga hman a lo ni tawh a ni an ti a. Burma rama Mizo chanchin chhuina atanga thil hriat chhuah chu “Keini Mizote chuan” tih tawngkam hi an lo hmanna a rei tawh a ni tiin Prof. Sangkim’an a ziak lang a ni.¹⁸

Sawrkar hriatpuinain Zofaten nomenclature pathum – Chin, Kuki leh Mizo an nei ta a. Hei hian nomenclature indona (hming inchhuhna) a thlen ta a. Mizoram a cheng ten Mizo vek kan ni tiin Mizo-ah Zo hnahthlak hnam zawng zawng seng luh an duh a, Chin Hills-a mite erawh chuan Chin hi kan hming hmasaber a ni a, chuvangin, Chin vek kan ni an ti ve leh a. Manipur tlangrama chengte chuan Kuki hi kan thlang thlak hnua kan hming hmasa ber a ni an ti a, chuvangin, Kuki vek kan ni an ti leh a. Hetianga hming pathum thlawp tute inkara hming inchhuhna leh nomenclature indona a awm mek lai hian, hming dang – Khulmi leh Zomi te pawh an lo inrawlh lut ta zel a. Mizorama Zofate erawh chu Mizo-ah an lungawi tlang a. Assam leh Manipur-a mite erawh chu Kuki-ah an lungawi tlang thei lova. Thadou-Kuki te kaihruaina-a kum 1946-a Kuki National Assembly party din a ni tak hnuah, Zo hnahthlak hnam peng intelkhawm dang – Vaiphei, Gangte, Hmar, Kom, Chiru, Paite, Zou, Pakan (Anal, Moyon, Monsang, Purum, Tarao, Lamkang), Maring leh Thadou-Kuki tawng hmang thenkhat ten Khulmi National Union (KNU) an din a; Manipur-a Zofate chu Kuki leh Khulmi hmingin politics-ah chungnung zawk nih inchhuhin an awm ta a ni. KNU atang hian, pre- merger Manipur Sawrkar-ah T.C. Tiankham kha Speaker niin, Teba Kilong kha Cabinet Minister a lo ni a. Amaherawhchu, KNU hi a ding rei vak ta lo a ni. Hemi hnuah hian Zofa hnam peng zawng zawng-in an hnam hmingin political party an din ta vek a, Paite ho chuan Chin an thlawp thu leh Chin an nih thu Paite National Council (PNC) hming in an puang a.¹⁹

KNU a zuzi deuh hnuah pawh, Kuki lo duh tawhlo ho chuan Kuki-a insengluh kha an la duh chuang lova. Kum 1970 vel atang khan T. Gougin kaihruainain ‘Zomi’ tih a lo ri tan a, kum 1990 chho-ah chuan Kuki leh Zomi nomenclature inchhuhna nasatak a lo thlenga; unau leh unau inkarah indona hial a thleng ta a, a pawi khawp a ni. Manipur leh Assam-a Zofate zingah nomenclature-a lungrualna hi tun thlengin a la awm thei hrih lo va, a pawi tak zet a ni.

Chin Hills-ah pawh hian official-a Chin hman a nih mek laiin, kum 1953 March 5-7 chhunga Saikah-a Baptist Convention an neihnaah khan, Chin Hills huam chhunga Zofate kohhran inzawmkhawmna hmingah ‘Zomi’ hman an remti a, hei hi nomenclature chunmgchanga Burma rama Zofate buai intanna a lo ni leh ta a ni. Kum 1950 chho velah Chin Hills-a kohhran a lo than zel avangin, kohhran hrang hrang inzawmkhawmna tur hnam hming pu ngeiin din nise tiin hma an la a. He hmalakna kal zelah- Tiddim Baptist Association, Halkha Baptist Association leh Thlantlang Baptist Association atangin mi 10 theuhvin – mi 30 in Pastor S.T. Hau Go kaihruaina hnuaiah Dan an siam a; chu an Dan siam ang chuan, Chin Hills- a Zofate kohhran zawng zawng inzawmkhawmna atan Zomi Baptist Convention (ZBC) din turin an remti ta a. Chu chu, kum 1953, March 5-7 inkara Saikah-a Convention-ah an pawm ta a ni. Chutianga Kohhran inzawmkhawmna-a Zomi hman a lo nih takah chuan, Sawrkar inrelbawlna-a hnam hmingah pawh hman ni nghal se tih ngaihdan kha mi te thinlungah pawh a lian tawh khawp mai. Chutiang chuan, Zomi hming puin political party leh pawl te pawh din lo ni zelin, chu chuan nomenclature-a Chin thlak duhna rilru a lo tuh zel ta a ni. Chutihmek lai chuan, Burma chhunga Zofa chengte chhinchhiahna atana ‘Chin’ hman chhunzawm zel a nih bawk si avangin, Chin leh Zomi chungnung zawk nih inchhuhna a lo thleng leh ta a ni. Kum 1983, April 16-a Thlantlang khua-a Zomi Baptist Convention rorelna-ah, Zomi Baptist Convention hi Chin Baptist Convention-a thlak ni rawh se tia rawtna a awm avangin, uluk taka an sawiho hnuah vote an la ta a, Palai 434-ah 424 ten a hming ngai hi hman chhunzawm ni rawh se an tih tak avangin an thlak thei ta lo a ni.²⁰

ZBC hnuaiah hian Zofate Baptist kohhran pawl hrang hrang 25 an awm a, pawl lian tak a ni. Chin National Front (CNF) leh Chin Forum ten Chin hming-a political movement an neih mek avangin kohhran inzawmkhawmna pawl hming pawh hi ‘Chin’ tia thlak theih ni se an duhthusam a ni a. March 24, 2013-a ZBC in Kalemyo-a khawmpui an neih-ah, kohhran inzawmkhawmna Zomi Baptist convention pawh chu Chin Baptist Convention-ah an thlak ta a ni.²¹

Amaherawhchu, Zomi leh Chin inkarah hian nomenclature indona leh chungnung zawk inchhuhna kha a la awm zel a ni.

Zofate hi kum za tam tak inthen darh kan ni tawh nain, kan inanna leh unauna hi kan hre reng a. Inpumkhat kan harsatna hi nomenclature inchhuhna vang ni berin a lang. Manipur-ah Kuki leh Khulmi chungnung zawk inchhuhna lo awm-in, chumi zawhah Kuki leh Zomi nomenclature inchhuhna in a zui leh a. Tun thlengin, Manipur-a Zofate hi nomenclature chungchangah an la thuhmun thei lo a ni. Chin Hills (Chin State)-ah pawh, Sawrkar hriatpuina hming ‘Chin’ anih lai-in, kohhran inzawmkhawmna hming-ah Zomi hman anih avangin – nomenclature inchhuhna a awm leh a. Kohhran inzawmkhawmna ‘Chin’ tia thlak anih hnuah pawh pheikhai rual takin ‘Chin’-ah an la lungawi/lungrual thei lova, nomenclature inchhuhna chu a la awm reng a ni. Mizoram-a Zofa cheng-te erawh chu Mizo- ah an lungawi tlang a- hei hi thil lawmawm tak leh, Zofate inpumkhatna tur atan pawh mellung pawimawh tak a ni dawn a ni. Mizoram-a Zofa chengte hi chu Mizo-ah lungawi ila, hmun danga nomenclature inchhuhna thinlung ang hi Mizoram-ah sengluh loh hram nise, hei hi Zofaten kan tangkaipui mgei a rinawm zawk a ni. Nomenclature a- Chin, Kuki, Mizo, Zomi tia buai reng aiin, kan awmna ram azirin mahni insiamrem thiam ila, Satel thil seh anga seh nghet bur lova, rilru fim tak pu chunga ngaituahna thui tak kan sen a ngai. Kan inpumkhatna tur rilru zau tak pu chunga ngaituahin, hmanmawh lova zawi te-a rilru nghet taka kal kan thiam a ngai. Nomenclature kan atchilh a, nomenclature indona chhawp chhuah reng ai chuan, kan inpumkhatna lam hi atchilhin, inpumkhatna hi buaipui ta ila – hma kan sawn phah pawh a rinawm zawk a ni. Nomenclature-a kan lo buai tawhna en hian prefix (a hma a inziak) leh suffix (a hnu-a inziak) ‘mi’ tello ‘Zo’ hi kan lungawi tlanna tur a nih hmel hle in a lang bawk.

4. Zofate Unau nihna tichiangtu:-

Kan pi pute Kawlphai atanga hnam chak zawk ten an nawr chuah hnuah Burma ram lailiah te, Chin Hills-ah te leh Manipur-ah te an darh ta a. Kawlphai leh Burma ram lailia chambang te kha ‘Asho Chin’ tia hriat te an ni a, tam tak Chin Hills-a an chamban laiin, thahnem tak chu Lushai Hills-ah an thlang tla a; Lushai Hills atangin Chittagong, Assam, Manipur, Tripura, Meghalaya leh Nagaland thlengin an inzardarh ta zel a ni. Manipur-a cheng mek Zofate tam zawk hi chu Lushai Hills atanga lut deuh vek an ni a, Manipur, Assam leh Tripura-a Zofate hi Lushai Hills atanga Lusei hnam in an lo nawr chhuah te an ni a, Lusei ho pawh hi Pawi (Lai) hovin an lo um darh hnua a-Lushai Hills lo lut kha an ni a. Unau inkarah pawh indona lo awm ve thinin, unau chak deuhvin an unaupui chak lo deuh te an lo nawr chhuak zel a, chutiang chuan an lo khawsa ta thin a ni. Kumpinu Sawrkar lo luh hma khan Zofate luah ram chu a lo zau tawh hle a, amaherawchu, Chin Hills-a Lal ram chak tak (Chiefdom) te hnuaiah Zofate hi rorelna hmun khat nei angin an la khawsa tawh a ni. Falam, Halkha, Thantlang te hian Zofate awp khua eng emaw zatah chhiah an lo khawn tawh thin a- an thuneihna hnuaiah an lo dah tawh a ni. Falam hi Tlaisun ho lalna a ni a, Falam Lal (Chief) hian Chin Hills chhungah chhiah lakna khua 133 a nei a, tin, Lal chak tak Kamhow (Kanhows) leh Siyang (Siyins) te pawhin Falam-ah chhiah an lo pe thin a ni. Chin Hills pawnlamah hian Kawlphai, Lushai Hills, Chittagong, Arakan, Tripura leh Manipur chhimthlang thleng hian chhiah an khawn pha a. Aizawl chheh vela Sailo Lal ho pawhin kum 1894 thleng khan Falam-ah chhiah an la pe thin a, amaherawhchu, North Lushai Hills Superintendent, Captain J. Shakespeare’an Falam Lal hnena chhiah khawn tawh lo tura thupek khauh tak a chhuah hnuah- an pe lo tan chauh a ni. Zofate awp ram eng emaw zata chhiah an lo khawn avangin Kumpinu Sawrkar pawh khan Falam Lal te kha an lo tlawn a, an Lal Vanmong pawh kha tha takin an lo ti a; tichuan, a zin huna a chawlhna tur Rest House leh Sakawr in thlengin an lo sak sak thin a ni. Falam Lal hian Manipur phaizawla Meitei Lal pawh a lo tibuai fo tawh thin. Kumpinu Sawrkar hi lo lut lo ta se, Falam Lal hian Zofate zawng zawng hi min huikhawm a rinawm tlat a ni. Falam Lal te ep thei awm chhun chu Halkha (Haka), Zathang Lal te an ni a. Halkha lal hian Chin Hills chhungah chhiah khawnna khua 50 a nei a, chubakah Lushai Hills, Arakan leh Chittagong-ah te pawh chhiah a lo khawn thin ani.²²

Zofate luah ram kha Kumpinu Sawrkar thuneihna hnuaiah an lo awm zel takah chuan, Kumpinu Sawrkar roreltute khan chhulkhat chhuak an nihna kha an hre thei nghal a. Betram S. Carey leh H.N. Tuck te chuan, Manipur-a Kuki te, Bengal leh Assam-a Lusei (Lushai) te leh Burma-a Chin te hi phat rual lovin unau chhul khat chhuak leh inhnaih tak an ni a, tunhma-in Tibet atangin an lo thlang tla a ni, an ti a. Tin, Lal rorelna an kalpui dan pawh a inang tlangpuia – Lushai Hills-a Upa/Khawnbal te kha,chhimlam (Chin Hills)-ah Boite an ti a; hmar lam (Manipur, Assam leh Nagaland)-ah Waihawmte tiin an ko bawk a. Mithiam, thil chikmi leh roreltu te chuan, Zofa darhsarh tawh te kha unau an ni tih an hre thei nghal zel mai a ni.²³

Zo hnahthlak zinga mithiam hmasa, Dr. T.S. Gangte pawh khan, Nagaland, Assam, Tripura leh Manipur-a Kuki chengte hi Mizoram, Chittagong Hill Tracts leh Chin Hills-a chengte nen ziarang, tawng, khawsak phung, hnam nihna leh khawtlang inrelbawlnaah an inang chiah a, hetianga inanna hi an chheh vela cheng te hnen atang chuan hmuh tur a awm miah lo a ni, a ti a. Hemi avang hian, Pu Vumkhohau khan Zofate zalen theihna turin, Burma-in zalenna a hmuh hnaih lamah khan a lo buaipui ve a, tin Pu T. Gougin pawhin Zomi nomenclature hnuaia zalenna kan hmuh theihna turin a lo buaipui a ti nghe nghe a ni.²⁴ Tin, 1824-a Anglo- Burmese War a lo chhuah khan Kumpinu Sawrkar-in Sylhet atanga Cachar leh Manipur kaltlanga sipai an tirh chhoh khan, Manipur phai leh a chhehvel tlangrama Zohnahthlak hnam te an han hmuh chuan, a hmaa Chhitagong Hill Tracts-a an indo pui hrep tawh te nen hnam khat an ni tih an hre thei nghal a, helamah pawh Kuki an lo awm a nih hi an ti a, Kuki Thar (New Kuki) an ti a- chungho te chuan ‘Kuki’ hi an sehnghet tawh tlat a nih chu tun thleng hian.²⁵

Zofate hi unau kan nih zia Kumpinu Sawrkar tana tichiangtu pakhat pawimawh tak nia lang chu- tlawm duh loh hnam, mahni ram leh hnam chhanna tura huaisen taka tang tlang thin mi kan nihna te kha a ni. Kan pi/pute kha an lo tlawm duh reng reng lo va, khawvel-a Sawrkar chakber leh Lalram chakber – Kumpinu Sawrkar hmaah pawh khan an tlawm du lo va. Zofate leh Zoram (an luah ram) chhan nan Khawvel-a Sawrkar chakber kha an lo do ngam a, Chittagong Hill Tract-ah te, Lushai Hills-ah te, Chin Hills-ah te leh Manipur-ah te, an kalna apiangah dotu an lo nei zel a, huaisen taka an mahni lo beitu-te lah chu hnam khat/chhul khat chhuak an lo ni leh zel si a; chu chu Kumpinu Sarkar-in Zofate a lo hmeihriat dan hmasa ber a ni. Chittagong lam hi Lakher Lal te leh Pawi Lal ten an tibuai chamchi a, Tripura leh Assam lam hi Sailo Lal leh lal dang ten duh hun hunah an lo run thin bawk a ni.

Bengkhuaia, Sailam Lal kaihhruaina-a Alexandrapore thingpui huan an va run khan, James Winchester an kaphlum a, a fanu Mary Winchester an lo man daih a – hetianga British mi leh sa pawh zuah lova kut an thlak avangin Kumpinu Sawrkar pawhin beihpui thlak a tum ta a. Kum 1871-72 khan Lushai Expedition chu Chittagong leh Cachar atangin an rawn bei ta a, Sailam Lal Bengkhuaia hnen atanga Mary Winchester an lakkir hnuah an haw ta a; mahse, Lushai Hills chu an awp chhunzawm ta lo ani.²⁶

Kumpinu Sawrkar beisei angin inrelbawlna a awm thei ta lova, an rorelna leh an awp ram tihbuaia a awm fo tak avangin – Chin Hills leh Lushai Hills-a Lal te bengdaihna turin kum 1889-1890-ah Chin-Lushai Expedition an huaihawt leh ta a. Chin Hills leh Lushai Hills kha hmun li atanga beih a ni a – Silchar, Chittagong, South Chin Hills leh North Chin Hills atanga Kumpinu Sipai ten an beih hnuah, theih-pa-tawp chhuaha an zalenna hum tum Zofate chu an titlawm ta a ni. Khawvel hriat-ah Chin-Lushai Expedition an ti na-in, sipai an hman zat, sai an hman zat leh silai an hman dan te en hian, expedition mai mai ni lovin, Kumpinu Sawrkar khan Zofate kha ral tak tak beihin a lo bei zawk a lo ni. Lushai Hills pawh kum 1891 atangin Kumpinu Sawrkar awpna hnuaiah dah luhin a awm ta a. Chin Hills leh Lushai Hills-a cheng te hi hnam khat an nih avangin rorelna khat hnuaiah dah a tha ang em tih ngaituah turin, Janaury 29, 1892 khan Fort William Calcutta-a Kumpinu Sawrkar Officer pawimawh 7 an inhmu khawm a – chu chu Chin-Lushai Conference 1892 tia hriat a lo ni ta a ni. Kumpinu Sawrkar Officer pasarih te chu: 1. Sir Charles Elliot, Lieutenant Governor of Bengal. 2. Lieutenant General Sir J.C. Domer, Commander-in-Chief, Madra 3. Sir Alexander Mackenzie, Chief Commissioner of Burma. 4. Mr. W.E. Ward, Chief Commissioner of Bengal. 5. Sir Mortimer Durand, Foreign Secretary, Government of India. 6. Major General E.H.H. Collen, Secretary to the Government of India, Military Department. 7. Major General Sir James Browne, Quarter Master General. Hemi inhmuhkhawmnaah hian, Zofate (Chin emaw Lusei emaw) an tel miah lova; Chin leh Lushai chungchang ngaituah tur an nih avang zawka Chin-Lushai Conference tih zawk kha a lo ni. Amaherawhchu, Chin Hills leh Lushai Hills rorelna khat hnuaia dah chu an remti ta lova, South Lushai Hills leh North Lushai Hills te zawk infin tirin Assam hnuaiah dah luh ani ta a ni.²⁷

Hetih hun lai bawk hian Manipur lamah pawh, Chahsad Lal, Tonglhu Haokip chuan Manipur leh Burma-a a chhiah lakna khua (tributary villages) zawng zawng zalenna (independent) a puang a, hetianga zalenna a puan theih nan hian Burma lama Samjok Lal-in a pui bawk. Meitei Lal-ina beih ngaihna a hriat tawh loh Chahsad Lal kha, Kumpinu Sipaite tanpuina azarah tihtlawm a lo ni thei ta a ni. Inbiakna an neih dawnah pawh khan, Chahsad Lal khan, Kumpinu Sawrkar aiawha telh loh chuan, tel a tum lova, “Meitei Lal rorelna hnuaiah ka awm lova; chuvangin, Meitei Lal nena inbiakna tur ka nei lo,” a ti a ni.²⁸ Chumi zawhah chuan, Aisan Lal, Chengjapao Doungel, pawhin, a chhiah khawnna Naga khua leh khaw dang thenkhat Kumpinu roreltuten an tihbuai sak avangin, Kumpinu Sawrkar nen an indova, chu chu Aisan Rebellion of 1910 tia hriat a lo ni ta bawk. Kum 1917-1919-ah Kuki Rebellion a chhuak leh a, hei hi ‘Zou Gal’ tih pawhin hriat a ni. Kuki Rebellion hun rual chiah hian, Chin Hills lamah pawh Kumpinu Sawrkar dona nasa tak Chin Hills-a Zofaten an lo huai hawt leh bawk a.²⁹ Ram hrang hrangah an inzardarh nain, kum 1896 khan Zofate enkawlna turin Kumpinu Sawrkar-in Chin Hills Regulation of 1896 kha Dan-a hman turin a lekkawh ta a. Hei hi Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873 nena inkungkaih leh inang deuh tho a ni a, a danglamna deuhna chu, Chin Hills Regulation of 1896 chu Zofate tan bik liau liau va duan niin; hemi Dan-ina a huam tur te chu ‘Chin’ mi zawng zawng te an ni. He Danina a hrilhfiah dan chuan, ‘Chin’ chu Lushai, Kuki leh Chin nena ziarang, tawng leh khawsa zia-a inhnaih hnam zawng zawng te an ni a ti. ³⁰

Sawi tawh ang khan, Zofate hian, tunah hian, Sawrkar neia kan inrelbawl theihna awm chhun chu Mizoram leh Chin State-te chauh an ni. Chubakah, Manipur, Assam, Tripura, Chittagong, Arakan, Sagaing Division-ah te kan cheng a, kan luah ram zawng zawng hi kan pi/pute hun atanga kan luah, kan ram (Zoram) vek a ni. Tin, heng ram te bakah hian, Zofate then khat chu Meghalaya leh Nagaland-ah te pawh an la cheng a ni. Keimahni zinga nomenclature leh chungnung zawk nih inchuh vanga kan buai mek lai hian, pawnlawm mi min hmutu leh min zirchiangtu te chuan chhul khat chhuak, hnam khat kan nihna hi an hre nghal thei thin a ni. Inlakhran tum pawl an awm pawh hian, chhul khat chhuak kan nih miau avangin an inla hrang thei tak tak bik lova; hei hian unau kan nih zia a tichiang leh zual a ni. Inlak hran duhna thinlung nei te hian, tu thil tih leh eng-angin nge inlakhran an tum thin tih erawh hi chu uluk taka ngaituah zuia, hetiang a thlen tawh loh nana kan fimkhur theuh pawh a ngai hle a ni.

5. Zofate Movement then khat te:-

Zofate hi international boundary-in a thendarh hnuah hian, an awm dan ang chiah-ah hian an lungawi lo a ni tih hriat theihna leh tichiangtu chu, hnam anga thiltum (movement) an neih-te atang hian a ni. Ram hrang hrang luahtu Zofaten an luah ram theuhvah movement an nei deuh veka, an movement thenkhat chu tharum thawhna tello movement anih laiin, movement thenkhat dang chu tharum leh silai hmanga kalpui te a lo ni mek bawk. Awle, hun kal tawha Zofate movement lo awm tawh thenkhat te tarlangin, i han bihchiang dawn teh ang.

5.1.1 Manipur-a statehood dilna:- Kuki National Assembly (KNA)-te chuan, Haojakam Chongloi, an General Secretary a nih laiin, kum 1960 July 24 khan Kuki State nawrhna Memorandum, India Prime Minister hnehah an lo thehlut tawh a. “Zofate, Kuki tia hriat te hi State min pe rawh u,” tiin Zofate tan an dil a ni. Kum 1960-ah Haokholet Ngailut, an General Secretary anih laiin, State dilna Memorandum chu Prime Minister hnenah an lo thehlut leh bawk. Chutiang tho chuan Paite National Council (PNC) pawhin, “India, Burma leh East Pakistan-a Zofate tan rambung hran ‘Chinland’ min siam sak rawh u,” tiin India Prime Minister hnenah Memorandum an lo thehlut leh bawk. Zo hnahthlak lal hrang hrang, Aisan, Chahsad, Kamhou, Lamjang leh Sukte-te khan an luah ram chhan nana ral an lo beih nasat avangin, Zofate hian rorelna hran an phu ve ngawih ngawih a ni tih hi Manipur-a Zo hnahtlak te ngaidan a ni. T. Gougin hmalaknain, kum 1972, January 21-ah Daizang khuaah Zomi National Congress (ZNC) din niin, ZNC hmingin Union Territory dilna an kalpui bawk.³¹

5.1.2. Mizoram Sovereign State nawrna: - Mizo National Front (MNF) hi, October 28, 1961 khan political party-a din a lo ni a, a thil tum dik tak zawk chu Mizoram zalenna tur buaipui a nih avangin, chumi hawi deuhvin hma an la zel a. Kum 1965 January thla khan Kawnpui, Churachandpur-ah Mizo People Convention neih niin, H.K. Bawichhuaka Chairman ani a, Secretary atan Haokholal Thangjom chu ruat a ni. He Convention-ah hian Zohnahthlak hnam hrang hrang aiawh 14 an kalkhawm a; MNF aiawhin Laldenga, Vanlalhruaia leh S. Lianzuala; Mizo Union aiawhin H.K. Bawichhuaka, Ch. Chhunga leh C. Pahlira leh Mizo National Council (MNC) aiawhin R. Vanlawma leh Vanlalngaia te an tel ve a. Party tin aiawhin thusawina hun an hmang vek a, an party thiltum te an sawi lang hlawm bawk. Hnam aiawh hrang hrang te chuan ‘Mizo’ tih an pawm thu an sawi hlawma, he convention hi MNF in a hlawkpui ber ani awm e.32 Manipur tlangrama Zo hnahthlak tam takin MNF an zawm a, March 1, 1966-ah Mizoram independent kha puan niin, Zoram a buai ta rup mai a, Rule 32 of the Defence of Indian Rules, 1962 kha lekkawh nghal a ni ta bawk.³²

He movement hian kum 20 a awha, Mizoram chhunga Zofate bakah, Manipur tlangram, Tripura leh Burma-a Zo hnahthlak te pawhin Mizoram-a an unaute tuar ang tho vin, hreawmna leh harsatna zawng zawng an lo tuar ve mek bawk a, hei hian unau an nihna a tilang chiang hle bawk a ni. Manipur tlangram atanga MNF hotu lian langsar deuh deuh pahnih te chu, Lalkhohen Thangngeo, Senator leh Demkhosieh Gangte te an ni. MNA sipai lo ni tawh zing atang hian, Manipur MLA pahnih, S.L.Paokhosei leh T.N. Haokip an awm tawh bawk.³³ Kum 1986-a Mizo Accord tih fel anih atang khan sovereign State movement kha a tawp nghala, MNF pawh chu political party pakhatah a inlet leh ta a ni.

5.1.3. Sovereign Chinland nawrna: - Burma rama M.P. lo ni tawh, Hrangnawl hmalaknain Chinland independent movement chu, kum 1964 vel atang khan tan a lo ni a. Hrangnawl hi Thantlang khuaa mi niin, kum 21 mi anihin M.P. atana thlan tlin a lo ni tawh a, hnam vei ve tak leh Zofate sawrkar hran neia inrelbawl pawimawh zia lo hre hmasatu tlemte zinga mi a ni kan ti thei awm e. Ani hian, kum 1964 khan Rangoon-ah USA, UK leh India Embassy-te dawrin-independent an sualnaa tanpui turin a lo ngen tawh a; chhanna mumal erawh chu a hmu ta lo a ni awm e. Hrangnawl chetdan chu Burma intelligence Department-in an hriat tak avangin, atan zalen taka thil tih a lo harsa ta a. Mahse, a thiltum chu a ruk tein a la kalpui ta tho va, tanpuitu tha tak, Lieutenant Colonel Sonkhopau, nen an tang dun ta a. Sonkhopau hi Burma sipai officer tha tak, a chunga mi, Brigadier diklohna thuneihtu sang zawk te hnena a ziah avanga ban a lo ni a. Kum 1964 khan, Sonkhopau hian-Manipur atanga Chinland movement buaipuitu-Tunkhopum Baite Champhai-ah a hmu a. An pahnih hian East Pakistan an pan ta a. Chumi zawhah, Provisional United Chin Government an din taa, Tunkhopum Baite kha Prime Minister niin, Sonkhopar chu Defence Minister a ni a, tin, Hrangnawl kha Foreign Minister an ruat bawk a. East Pakistan-a thla thum chhung an training zawh hnuah, silai keng volunteer 30 nen an lo haw a. Chumi hnuah, Sonkhopau chu Naga National Council (NNC) hotute hmuh tuma Nagaland-a kal laiin Assam Rifles hovin an man ta a, Tunkhopum kha chuan MNF-te nena inkawpin hun a hmang ta thung a. Amaherawh chu, MNF te nena ngaihdan leh thiltum a lo inan loh deuh avangin, Tunkhopum leh a sepai 30-te chu MNF ten an silai laksakin, an camp-ah an hreng ta a. Tichuan, Tunkhopum Baite chu MNF camp-a a awm laiin a thi ta nghe nghe a ni. Tunkhopum Baite thih hnuah chuan, Chinland movement chu Zomi National Front (ZNF) leh Chin Liberation Army ten chhunzawm an tum a, mahse, engmah an ti hlei thei ta lo a ni.³⁴ Chinland movement pawh hi Zo hnahthlak ten sawrkar hran neih chakna avanga lo chhuak a ni a, tunah hian Chin National Front (CNF) tiin an la chhunzawm zel a ni.

Awle, Zofaten tun dinhmuna movement an kalpui mek te tawi te te-a bihchian i lo tum dawn teh ang u.

5.2.1. Mizoram: - Mizoram hi kum 1986 atang khan a ralmuang a, India ram chhunga ralmuan berna State ti te pawha hriat a lo ni ta a ni. Amaherawhchu, kum 1987-a Hmar People’s Convention (HPC) movement a lo intan atang khan Mizoram hmar lamah buaina a intan leh ta. HPC te hian District Council an dil a, kum 1994-ah Mizoram Sawrkar nen Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) ziakin, Shinlung Development Council din lailawk a lo ni ta bawk. Amaherawhchu, MoU-a lungawi lo pawl ten pawl thar, Hmar People’s Convention (Democrats) HPC (D) an din leh ta a, tichuan, HPC (D) hminga movement chu kalpui zelin, tun hun thleng hian Sawrkar nen inbiakremna fumfe sawi tham engmah an la nei thei lo a ni. Tin, kum 1988 khan, chhimlama Lai National Union (LNU) ten Union Territory (UT) dilin, kum 1996-ah Lairam People’s Party (LPP) ten UT an lo dilve leh bawk. Kum 1996 khan, Maraland Democratic Front (MDF) pawhin UT an lo dil zui ve bawk. Thil mak deuh mai chu, hmasang atanga Zo hnahthlak hnam, Bawm, Pang leh Tlanglau te ‘Lal ram’ lo ni tawh thin Uiphum tlangdung chu, East Pakistan atanga Kaptai Dam construction-ina a umchhuah (uproot) Chakma ten an rawn luah zau ta tual tuala, Chakma Autonomous District Council (CADC) a lo piang ta a ni. Chtianga CADC hial a lo pian takah chuan, Zo hnahthlak te chuan hnam tlem zawk chan an lo chang ta a. Tichuan, kum 2002-ah, ‘Uiphum District Council’ dilna Mizoram Chief Minister hnenah an rawn thehlut ta hial a ni.³⁵ Hetiang hian Zofate thuneihna Mizoram chhung ngei-ah pawh, Zofate zawk ten demand neia movement an siam a lo ngai ta a ni. Hei hi a ‘bawp lawk’ zawnga la ringawt lovin, UT emaw District emaw dil an duhna thinlung te hriat puia, hetiang a lo chhuah leh tawh lohna tura puitling taka hmalak hi a fin thlak zawk hmel hle a ni.

5.2.2. Manipur: - Manipur-ah hian, Zofate’n hel pawl engemaw zat neiin, hnam movements an kalpui renga. Heng Manipur-a Zo hnahthlak hel pawl hrang hrang te hi hlawm hnihah- hlawm lian deuhvin- an intelkhawm a, chung te chu, Kuki National Organisation (KNO) leh United People Front (UPF) te an ni. KNO hnuaiah hian Kuki National Army (KNA), Kuki National Front (Military Council) KNF (MC), Kuki National Front (Zougam) KNF (Zougam), Zomi Revolutionary Front (ZRF), Hmar National Army (HNA), United Socialist Revolutionary Army (USRA), United Komrem Revolutionary Army (UKRA), United Minorities Liberation Front (UMLF), Kuki Liberation Army (KLA) leh Pakan Reunification Army (PRA) te an awma. Chutih mak laiin, UPF lama hel pawl awm te chu – Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA), Kuki National Front (Samuel) KNF (Samuel), Kuki National Front (President) KNF (P), United Kuki Liberation Front (UKLF), Kuki Revolutionary Army (KRA),Hmar People’s Convention (Democrats) HPC (D) leh Zou Defence Volunteer (ZDF) te an ni. Heng hel pawl hrang hrang te hian an movement hi pawl pakhat hmingin kalpui thei sela chuan, an movement a lo chak zawk dawn avangin, thuneihtute ngaih pawimawh pawh a hlawh zawk ngeiin a rinawm. Engpawh nise, pawl hlawm lian deuh deuh pahniha an inthlunzawm theihna ringawt pawh hian unau an nihna chu a tichiang ta tho thovin a lang a, a tha lama ngaih mai tur a niang chu.³⁶ Tin, Manipur-ah hian ‘Kuki State Demand Committee’ (KSDC) hmingin ‘Kuki State demand’ kalpui mek a ni bawka, ‘Kuki State demand’ hi KNO- in a thlawp deuhva ngaih a ni. Chutih laiin, UPF thlawptu lam chuan ‘Autonomous State demand’ an kalpui ve bawk a. KNO leh UPF te hi Sawrkar Laipui nena Suspension of Operation (SOS) an neih lai tak a ni a, inbiakna an la kalpui dawn chauh niin a lang.

5.2.3. Burma: - Burma-ah hian, General Newin’an kum 1962, March 2-a thuneihna a lak atang khan, inrelbawlna pangngaia awm lo va. Kum 1988-ah khan mipui te chanvo palzut sak duhloh lantir nan mipui nawrhna a lo chhuak na-in, chu nawrhna chu sipai chakna hmanga thunun vat a lo ni leh ta a ni. Chutiang karah chuan, Chin (Zofa) mipuite chanvo humhalh anih theih nana rorelna hran din a lo nih theihna nana bei turin, kum 1988 March 20-ah khan Chin National Front (CNF) chu din niin, Burma sawrkar chu silai nen a do ta nghal a. CNF thiltum bulpui ber chu ‘Federal Democracy’ neih leh Chin mite zalenna tundin a ni. CNF hian sipai pawl, Chin National army (CNA), a nei a, tin, CNF hi National Democratic Front (NDF), Democratic Alliance of Burma (DAB) leh National Council of Union of Burma (NCUB)-ah te member a ni a, ³⁷Burma-a Zofaten an chanvo an hmuh theihna turin vawiin thleng hian a la sual mek a ni. Burma-a sawrkar thar a lo pian hnuah sawrkar nen inbiakna an kalpui leh mek a ni.

5.2.4. Assam, Nagaland, Tripura leh Bangladesh:- Assam-ah hian, N.C. Hills, Karbianglong leh Cachar District-ah te hian Zofate hmanlai atangin an cheng a. Regional Council dil leh District Council dil te hi an lo buaipui ve thina, tharum tello movement hi an lo kalpui ve reng thin a ni. Amaherawhchu, Dimasa helpawl, DHD ten N.C. Hills-a Hmar chengte kum 2003-a an tihbuai tak avangin, HPC (D) in Hnam Santu (Hmar Protection Cell) an din ta a, chumi zawhah HPC (D) te chuan North Cachar Hills leh Cachar District-ah unit tam thei ang ber an din ta a ni. Nagaland-ah chuan Zofate hi Kohima District, Peren District leh Dimapur District-ah te an cheng deuh bera, Phek District-a Meluri Sub-Division-ah khaw hnih an awm bawk. Nagaland-a Zofate hian helpawl leh movement an nei hran lova, NNC, NSCN (IM), NSCN (K) leh NSCN (U)-te hi an lo thawhpui ve mai thin a ni. Bangladesh-ah pawh Zofate hi hmanlai atang tawhin Chittagong Hill Tracts-ah hian an cheng a, movement sawi em em tur erawh an nei lo. Amaherawh chu, hmanlai atanga anmahni ram (ancestral land) ngeiah hnam tlem zawk chan an chang tawh a, an pi leh pu te ram pawh Bengali hovin an chhuhsak deuh vek tawh a ni.³⁸ Tripura-ah chuan, kum 1983-ah Bijoy Kumar Hrangkhawl kaihruaina hnuaiah Tripura National Volunteer (TNV) din a lo niin, Tripura zalen anih theihna turin- Tripura-a Zofate leh tlangmi cheng dangte huikhawmin-sawrkar lakah an lo hel tawh a. Tharum hmanga helna kum engemaw zat an kalpui hnuah, Sawrkar Laipui leh State Sawrkar palai-te leh TNV Palai te chuan August 12, 1988-ah khan inbiakremna neiin, Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) an ziak fel ta a, TNV te pawhin an silai-te tungin, political party pangngai in a lo awm chho ta a. Chumi hnuah Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti (TUJS) nen infinin, Bijoy Kumar Hrangkhawl pawh chu MLA-ah vawi thum lai thlan tlin a lo nih theih phah ta a ni. Bijoy Kumar Hrangkhawl hi Tripura-a Zo hnahthlak te tan chauh ni lovin, tlangmi zawng zawng te tan hruaitu ropui tak a ni.³⁹

6. Zofate Unau nihzia tlangzarhna kawnga Zo Reunification Organisation (ZORO)

Pawimawhna:-

Zofaten movement hrang hrang an lo kalpui tawh te hian unau an nihna a tichiang hle in a hriat theih a; an movement-te hian anmahni awmna ramri piah lama an unau dang te a huam vek zel thina, rorelna pakhat hnuaia awm ho an thlahlel em em a ni tih a hriat theih bawk. Kum 1986-a Mizoram Accord ziah fel anih hnuah chuan, Zofa zawng zawng huapzo hnam movement sawi tur vak hi a awm tawh lova. Manipur-ah chuan, Zomi National Congress (ZNC) ten Manipur tlangrama Zofate luah ram –Churachandpur District, Chandel District leh Sadar Hills (Senapati District)-te ‘Union Territory’ a hlankai anih theihna turin tharum thawhna tello movement chak takin an kalpui a. ZNC hruaitu zinga mi hriat hlawh deuh te chu T. Gougin, T. Nehkhojang leh Thangkhangin Ngaihte te an ni. Awmze nei zawka movement kalpui a nih theihna turin Manipur pawn lama Zofate nena tanho ngaia an hriat tlat avangin, kum 1988, March 5-ah khan, ZNC leh People’s Conference (PC) kaihruaitu, Brigadier T. Sailo, te, Lamka (Churachandpur)-ah inbia-in, khawvel huapa Zofate Khawmpui lian hmasa ber (First World Zo Convention) neih an rel ta a. An inbiakna chu umzuiin, kum 1988, May 19-21 chhung khan Champhai-ah Zo Convention hmasa ber (First Zo Convention) chu an ko ta a ni.

Hemi Convention-ah hian, Manipur, Mizoram, Chin Hills, Arakan, Chittagong Hill Tracts, N.C. Hills (Assam), Tripura atangtein Zofate an rawn kalkhawm tha hle-a. An thu tlukna chu ‘Chhul khat chhuak unau te hian inzawmna tha tak kan nei a, kan tanrual a pawimawh a ni’ tih niin, Manipur lam-a miten nomenclature atan ‘Zomi’ an duh a, Mizoram lamin ‘Mizo’ an duh a. Amaherawhchu, inpumkhatna leh inlungrualna tha zawk a lo awm theihna turin, a bul (prefix) leh a tawp (suffix) a “mi” tellovin, ‘Zo’ tih hi i pawm ang u an lo ti ta a, tichuan, ‘Zo Reunification Organisation’ (ZORO) kha din a lo ni ta a ni. Champhai-a Convention- a thutlukna an siam pawimawh zual-te chu – (i) Chhinlung chhuak Zo hnahthlak zawng zawng tan nomenclature hman tur chu ‘Zo’ a ni ang. (ii) Ram pathuma thendarh ni tawh Zofate inpumkhatna tur atan hmalak. (iii) Zo hnahthlak hnam zinga innuauna tha zawk leh thawhhona tha tak kan neih theihna tura hmalak (iv) Inpumkhatna rilru mipui thinlung-a tuhna tura hmalak. He Convention-ah hian ZORO hruaitu tur thlan an ni bawk, chung an mi thlan te chu: Chairman-ah Brig T.Sailo, Vice Chairman-ah T. Gougin leh C. Chawngkunga, Secretary General-ah S. Thangkhangin Ngaihte leh Lalhmingthanga, tin, Treasurer-ah R. Thangmawia te an ni.⁴⁰

ZORO hi, a tir lamah chuan political party-te nena tangruala din a nih avangin, party hnuaia awm anga ngaihna mite thinlungah a awm thina. Amaherawhchu, kum 1990 atang khan, ZORO hi electoral politics nena kaihkawp loh duhna rilru a lo lian tan a, tichuan, kum 1991, July 17-a Vanapa Hall, Aizawl-a Second World Zo Convention an koh anih tum khan, “ZORO hi electoral politics nena inkungkaihna neih lovin, Non-Governmental Organisation pangngai-in kalpui ni tawh se,” tih an rel ta a, tichuan ZORO hmel pawh chu a lo danglam hret hret ta a ni. Aizawl chu ZORO headquarters-a ruat niin, tunah hian Zone pasarih-ah din a lo ni ta a; ZORO chu, India, Burma leh Bangladesh-a Zofate luah ramah din vek a ni ta a ni. R. Thangmawi’an a sawi dan in, “Chin-Lushai Conference 1892- in a tum chu, Zofate rorelna hmun khat a dah a ni a, amaherahchu, British Officer thenkhatin an duh loh avangin tihpuitlin a ni ta lova; inpumkhat ai mahin – India, Burma leh East Pakistan (Bangladesh-ah thendarh an ni ta a, chuvangin, kum 1892 Chin Lushai Conference thil tum kha ZORO hian a la kalpui zel a ni,” a ti. Hemi hriat reng nana Chin-Lushai Conference kum tin hman anih thu leh Chin-Lushai Conference vawi 122-na pawh, kum 2014, January 29-a Saikul, Sadar Hills, Manipur-a hman a nih thu a sawi bawk a ni.⁴¹

ZORO chuan kum 1992 khan British Prime Minister, John Major, hnenah lehkha a thawna, “Min laa, min awpa, min thendarhtu in nih avangin min dah khawm lehnaah pawh mawh in phur a ni” tiin a thlen a. Kum 1992 vek hian, India President, Dr Shankar Dayal Sharma lehkha thawn-in, kum 1992, April 14-a Seol Khawpui-a Korean Unification a thlawp thu lo sawitu anih avangin, kum za liam taa British Sawrkar-ina a lo thendarh tawh Zofate insuihkhawm lehna tura hma laksak turin an ngen. Kum 1993 khan, US President pawh lehkha thawnin, “Atlantic Charter angin Mc Call’an Indopui II-naah kan Lal-te ral a lo do tira, chu thutiam kawltu chu Churchill leh Roosevelt-te an ni a, tuna US President hi Roosevelt dinhmuna ding i nih avangin, kan insuihkhawm lehna turin hma min lak pui rawh,” a ti a ni. Kum 1995 khan, UN Secretary General, Dr Boutros Ghali, hnenah Memorandum thawnin, hnam tenau zawk te an him theihna tura hma la tur leh Zofate insuihkhawm leh theihna tura hma la turin an ngen leh bawk a ni.⁴²

ZORO hian chawl miah lovin hma a la zel a. Kum 1998, November 19-25 khan, Indian Confederation of Indigenous and Tribal Population-ah ZORO aiawh-te tel vein, affiliated member-ah an inziak lut nghal bawka. Chumi zawhah, kum 1999, July 26-30 chhungin, United Nations Working Group on Indigenous People (UNWGIP), Geneva-ah an tel ve leh a, tin, kum 2000 atang khan ZORO palaite kha UNWGIP session-a an tel ve phalsak an ni ta a ni. Hei bakah hian, ZORO aiawhte chu Geneva-a meeting pawimawh dang - World Trade Organisation (WTO), World Bank, World Indigenous People-ah te an tel ve; tin, Racism, World Indigenous Summit, Durban, South Africa leh Asian Indigenous Summit, Kathmandu, Nepal; Korea, leh Geneva-a Declaration of Indigenous Rights Drafting Committee-ah te, kum 2000, 2001, 2002 leh 2003-ah te khan an tel bawk a ni. Chubakah, ZORO aiawhte chu, United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issue (UNPFII)-ah, kum 2004 atang khan an tel thin a, tin, the Expert Mechanism on Implementation on the Rights of the Indigenous People (EMRIP) Session leh United Nations Human Rights Council, Geneva-ah te pawh, kum 2008 atang khan an la tel char char a ni. Hetiang hian, Forum hrang hrang leh Platform hrang hrangah Zofate zawng zawng tan ZORO hian hma a la a, a la buaipui reng bawk a ni.⁴³ ZORO hi, tunah pawh hian, a la kal zel a, khawvel huapa Zofate huapzo pawl ding hmasaber a ni ti ila kan sawi sual tam lovang chu maw! A chhan chu, ZORO din hmaa pawl leh movement kan neihte khan an luah ram ramri piah lama an unaute an huam vek laiin, a neitu bik leh a neih bik awm anga a lan thin avangin, Zofa zawng zawng te khan tel thei vekah an inngai lova; a huapzo tawk lovah an ngai deuh hlek thin a ni. ZORO-ah hi chuan, hmun hrang hrang leh ram hrang hranga Zofate an kim vek a, tin, tharum thawhna tel lova rilru lam inhmin tuma hmalakna anih vang pawh a niang, hmalakna hi zawi te in a kal zel a ni. ZORO thiltum leh a sual mek te hi chawpchilha thil thleng nghal mai thei chu a tam lovang, amaherawhchu, Zofate zawng zawng huapa unau kan nih zia leh chhul khat chhuak kan nih zia tlangaupui pawh hi a hlawk hrim hrim a ni. Unau kan nih zia leh kan inhnaih zia pawh lo hre tawh lo te hi, ZORO hmalakna avangin an lo thangharh mek zel chu a ni. Chuvangin, ZORO thiltum leh hmalakna te hi mita kan hmuh phakah la thleng rih lo mah se, Zo hnahthlak te unau kan nih zia leh inthen darh thei kan nih loh zia a tlangau pui ringawt pawh hi Zofate tan chuan a hlawk thlak tawh hrim hrim a ni.

7. Inpumkhatna hi chakna a ni:-

India leh Burma rama Kumpinu Sawrkar rorel hun a tawp dawn hnaih lam khan, Zofate bakah frontier area (ramri hnaih)-a cheng hnam dang te pawhin harsatna an lo tawk theuh maia. Naga chenna ram chu India leh Burma-a thendarh an nih laiin, Zofate chenna ram erawh chu, India leh Burma bakah East Pakistan (Bangladesh)-ah te rin luh a lo ni ta ani. Government of India Act of 1935, Section 311(1)-in Kumpinu Sawrkar rorel hun laia India Hmarchhak ram (erstwhile undivided Assam) leh Baluchistan-a tlangmite chenna (Tribal areas) a hrilhfiah dan chu hetiang hi a ni “areas along the frontiers of India or in Baluchistan which are not part of British India or of Burma or of any Indian State or of any foreign State.” Government of India Act of 1935 hi, Kumpinu rorel tawp dawn hnaihah kha chuan, India Danpui ang hiala ngaih a lo ni a, he Dan (Act)-in a sawi danah chuan, Zofate chenna hmun hi India leh Burma a chhiar tel a la ni lo a ni.⁴⁴ Zofate chenna, ram pathum -India, Burma leh East Pakistan-a thendarh anih hnuah chuan, India Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru leh Burma Prime Minister, U Nu-te khan ramri chungchang chin fel tumin, kum 1953-ah Kohima-ah an inhmu ta a. Amaherawh chu, a reh vang vang hnuah, kum 1967 khan ram pahnih palaite Foreign Minister level-in an inhmu leh a, tichuan, kum 1968 atang khan India leh Burma ramri chu an chinfel tan chauh a ni. Chumi awmzia chu, Nehru leh U Nu-te Kohima-a an inhmuh atanga kum 15 hnuah ramri chinfel chu a intan chauh a ni.⁴⁵ Ram hrang hranga then darhin awm mah se, ramri hnaiha chengte kha chhul khat chhuak leh hnam khat an nih avangin, ramri chinfel kha hna awlsam tak a ni dawn lo va, chuvangin, India Sawrkar leh Burma Sawrkar-te pawh kha an demawm hranpa miah lo a ni. Siam chhawp international boundary hmanga then darh tawh pawh nise, Zofate kha thisena inlaichinna nei an nih avangin, thisena an inzawmna kha international boundary-in a thensawm tak tak thei lova – rilru, ngaihdan leh thil tumah an la inpawh fo a ni. Entirnan, vawiina ‘Border Trade’ kan tih te hi, ‘Look East Policy’ awm hma leh Land Custom Station (LCS) hawn hma daih atang tawhin, Zofaten ‘Village Trade’-in an lo kalpui daih tawha, an la kal zel bawk a ni. Zofate luah ram kha international boundary in a lo then zawk vangin, ‘Village Trade’ tawh sa kha tihbuaiin a awm mai zawk a ni. Kan pi/pute luah ram chhunga kan Lal (Chief) ten, chhiah an lo khawn thinna ram te kha international boundary hian a then ta chu a ni a, a lungchhiat thlak hle a ni. Chuvangin, dinhmun tha zawka kan din theihna tur leh ram rorelna hrang hranga awm Zofate hnam lian zawk leh midangte hmuhsit kan nih lohna turin ‘inpumkhatna hi chakna a ni’ (Union is Strength) tih hi, tih tak zeta kan thuvawn atana kan hmana, kan nunpui bawk a ngai.

Inpumkhatna tha tak kan neih theihna tur chuan mimal tin hi kan pawimawh hmasa bera. Inpumkhatna pawimawh zia kan hriata, kan sawi tama, a hre thiamlo te rilru leh thinlungah pawh kan tuh a ngai. Tin, nomenclature hi atchilh bur lovin, kan inlungrualna tur nomenclature hi kan pawm hahdam thiam a ngai. Nomenclature chungchangah hi chuan, Manipur-ah Kuki leh Zomi chungnung zawk nih inchhuhna kan hriaa, Chin State-ah Chin leh Zomi a ni leh a; Mizoram leh Tripura-ah erawh chuan Mizo-ah kan lungawi tlang niin a lang. Zofate zingah, a engemaw ber atchilh ringawt a, a dang pawm harsa ti hi kan la awm nual niin a lang a, hei hian inpumkhatna sawi uar a la tul zia a tifiah tha hle a nih hi. Nomenclature kan pawm deuh bik leh kan atchilh deuh bik a lo awm anih pawhin, unau kan nihna tibuai thei zawng leh inpumkhatna dal thei zawng hian hmalak loh hram ni thei se a va tha dawn em! Tunah hian, khawvel huapa mahni inenkawl theihna Sawrkar kan neihna hmun chu Chin State leh Mizoram State-te an ni mai a. Chutih laiin, India, Burma leh Bangladesh ram chhung hmun danga Zofate erawh hi chuan, mahni ram kan luah mek lai hian, mahni inenkawl theihna Sawrkar kan nei lova, midangte awpna hnuaiah kan awm mek a ni.

Kan inpumkhatna a thata kan tan rual thiam chuan, mi State hnuaia awm te pawh hi kan him ang a, mi dangte hmuhsit bikin kan awm lovang; Chin State leh Mizoram State tan ngei pawh, chawimawina an hlawhna tur a ni tlat. Mahnia dingchhuak thei tumah kan awm lova, kan tan ruala kan inpumkhat chauh hian, mi dang hmuhah pawh kan zahawm thei dawn chauh a lo ni. Kum 2000 chho vela Manipur State chhunga Churachandpur District leh Chandel District-a Zofate awp rama Meitei hel pawl-United National Liberation Front (UNLF)-ten ‘land mine’ leh ‘bomb’ chi hrang hrang an kama, pawi,sawilo Zofa tam tak piansul phahna leh then khat an thihpuina pawh kha-MZP Press Release khan hna nasa taka thawh avangin a lo reh tial tial a nih kha! Tin, Zofate hi tha takin an inpumkhat hlautu leh huphurhtu tam tak an awm tih theihghilh loh a tha hle mai.

Zofate hi Burma-a Chin State, Rakhine State (Arakan), Sagaing Division leh Kawlphaiah te kan awm a. India-ah chuan, Mizoram, Manipur, Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya leh Nagaland thlengin kan inzar darha; Bangladesh-ah erawh chuan Chittagong Hill Tracts-ah kan awm a ni. Heng ram pathumah pawh hian, India hi hnam hrang hrang, sakhaw hrang hrang leh tawng hrang hrang tam berna ram a ni a. Chuvangin, tuna kan President, Pranab Mukherjee’an kan Finance Minister hlui, J. Lalsangzuala (L), hnenah ‘India-a sakhaw hrang hrang bia, culture inang lo tak tak, tawng hrang hrang nei, vun rawng leh pian zia, khawsak phung inang lo fe fe te kan awm ho reng thei hi khawthlang ram te chuan mak min ti a, Engtikah nge an tluk chhiat ang a, eng tikah nge an keh darh ang aw, tiin min thlir thin a. An rin aia rei kan daih tawh a ni,’ a ti a. Amaherawhchu, awmho reng duh mah ila a theih loh hun a thleng thei. Soviet Union (USSR)-te pawh khan awmhova, khawvela sawrkar ropui ber USA tluk deuh thawa awm reng kha an duhin a rinawm. Mahse, khawvel politics inher danglam zelah leh an mahni economy-in a tlin tawh loh avangin USSR chu a keh chhiaa, hnam tlem zawk ten ram te reuh te te neiin, zalenna an hmuh phah a ni. Chutiang tho chuan, “Zofate pawh hian, kan tum loh lai leh kan sual tawh loh lai hian, independent hi kan hmu lovang tih pawh hi a sawi thei loh a ni” tia ngaihdan nei pawl pawh an awm a.⁴⁶ Hei hi a thleng ngei ang tihna lam nilovin, kan inpumkhat that chuan eng pawh kan hmachhawn thei ani tihna zawk a ni. Chuvangin, Zofaten inpumkhatna leh lungrualna tha kan neih chuan, mahni awmna ram theuvah zalen takin kan awm ang a, engkim lo thleng thei tur hmachhawn ngam tura kan lo inbuatsaih lawk hi a tul khawp a ni. Chu inbuatsaih lawkna chu inpumkhatna tel lovin a tih theih miah lo a ni.

8. Tlangkawmna:-

Zofate hi chhuahna thuhmun, thisena inzawm - Chhinlung, Sinlung, Khul (Khur), Khurpui, Khurtu-bi-jur, Khol, Puk , Lungkua leh Hurpi-atanga chhuak kan ni a. Kan thlang tlak dan azira ram tina lo inthendarh leh ram zau tak luahtu te kan ni a. Amaherahchu, ram hrang hranga awm te, kan awmna ram azira hnam dang ten min kohhna changchawia nomenclature-a buaiphah hnam kan nihna hi a vanduaithlak hle a ni. Keimahni inlakhran tumin lo talbuai tum pawh ni ila, kan chunga roreltu te leh min lo zirchiangtu te khan hnam khat, chi khat leh chhul khat chhuak kan nihna hi an hre nghal zel zuk nia! Tin, tawng, ziarang, sakhua, serh leh sang, Lal rorel inawp dan, silhfen, ralthuam, thlawhma lak dan, inneih dan leh khawtlang inrelbawl danah te hian kan inanna leh unau kan nihna hi a lang chiang hle a ni. Keimahni remtihna leh hriatpuina tel lova international boundary-in ram pathuma min then ta pawh hi kan vanduaina chu a ni leh a. Kumpinu Sawrkar hnuaia zalen taka kan lo awm tawh dan te rilrua a la cham reng avangin, zalen duhna thinlung leh mahnia ro inrel chakna te a hring zel a, chuvangin, hmun tinah movement chi hrang hrang huaihawt tawh niin, movement kal lai mek te pawh a awm a ni. Zofaten movement chi hrang hrang kan neih tawhah hian, Zo hnahthlak zawng zawng huap zova movement kan neih hi sawi tur a la tam lova; tuna ZORO movement kal mekah hi chuan, Zofa zawng zawng huam tir tumin hmalakna a kal mek a ni. Eng ang pawhin hma sawn tumin, thil tum eng pawh nei ni ila, inpumkhatna kan neih loh chuan thawh chhuah tur hi a vang em em a, tin, thawh chhuah theih pawh a ni dawn lo hial zawk ang. Chuvangin, inpumkhatna hi unau kan nih anga kan bul tanna tur leh kan tawpna tur a ni tlat a nih hi.

Zofate zingah pawh hian, unau kan nih anga inpumkhatna daltu engemaw zat hi a lo awm theia, heng inpumkhatna daltu ni thei apiang hi kan chhinchhiahna, a tih reh dan pawh kan ngaituah a tha dawn a ni. Zofaten inunauna tha leh inpumkhatna dik tak kan neih theih nan Mizoram hi a pawimawh ber a, Chin State hi Zofa hlang awmna State a ni nain, sipai rorelna hnuaia a lo awm rei tak avang leh mumal taka mipui sawrkar lo intan chho chauh anih avangin, hmun danga Zofate hian inpumkhatna lama hma la tur hian an la beisei ngam chiah lo niin a lang. Mizoram erawh chu Zofate Jeruslem kan tih thin angin, Zo hnahthlak zawng zawng inngahna leh inthlamuanna hmunpui a ni a. Duhlian tawng hre miah lo Mizoram pawn-a zo hnahthlak hnam peng hrng hrang te pawh hian Mizoram hi an thlamuan pui a ni tih hriain, chu chu Mizoram mite hian kan theihngilh loh a tha. Mizoram hi Zo hnahthlak te inpumkhatna leh inunauna a than len zel theih nan a pawimawh em em a. Mizoram chhunga cheng Zofate hian, hmun dang leh ram danga kan unau te tan hian thlamuan pui tlak leh belhchian dawl Jerusalem kan ni thei em tih hi, uluk taka kan ngaihtuaha, kan inbih chian ngai khawp mai. Tin, hmun dang leh ram danga Zofate pawh hian, hmun danga chin dan tha lo leh thil tha lo te hi Mizoram chhunga lakluh lo hram a tha a. Mizoram-a khawtlang inrelbawlna fel tak leh tha tak tibuai zawng leh a tichhe zawng a chet hi a tha lova, Mizoram tan chauh nilovin, Zofa zawng zawng tan pawh a tha lo a ni tih kan hriat a tul. Achhan chu, kan Jerusalem anih miau avangin, Mizoram a lan mawi chuan Zofa zawng zawng kan lang mawi anga, kan hmai pawh a uang thei ang. Amaherawh chu, Mizoram hi a tha lo zawng leh a chhe zawnga a than vaih chuan, Zofa zawng zawng kan thang mawi dawn lo a ni tih hriat a tha. Tin, hnam peng tawng ngaimawh lutuk a, Zo hnahthlak hnam peng tawng hmangtute Mizo ni lo anga kan ngaih thin thin lek lek na te pawh, hi rilru zau tak pu chunga, kan thlak hret hret a ngai khawp mai. Tin, YMA President hlui pakhatin Mizo 1 leh Mizo 2 zawnga tawngkam a lo neih hi Zo hnahthlak hnam peng tam tak hian tun thleng hian an la theihnghilh tak tak lova, chuvangin, inpumkhata tha kan awm theih nan, tawngkam pawh hi kan hman uluk a, kan fimkhur tlan a ngai hle dawn a ni.

Zofate inpumkhatna tur leh insuihkhawmna atan hian Mizo (Duhlian) tawng hi kan lingua franca (innbaikpawhna tawng) a lo ni chho zel a. Hei hi, nawr chak lutuk tum lovin, a than dan pangngaiin thang chho zel ta se la, chutianga a than zel chuan, inpumkhatna tur hmanrua duhawm tak a lo nih chhoh zel pawh a beisei awm tlat a ni. Chuvangin, MZP, MSU leh ZORO hmalakna ang deuh hian tlawmngai pawl leh civil society dang te pawh hian puitling tak leh huapzo deuhvin hma la thei zel ta se, chu chu Zofate inpumkhatna atan leh inunauna tha awm zel thei nan a tangkai khawp ang. Mi then khat leh ziaktu thenkhatin Mizo an hrilhfiahnaah ‘Mizo ka ni ti apiang kha Mizo an ni mai’ an ti thin a, hei hi hrilhfiahna awmze nei vak lo niin a lang. Achhan chu, chhinlung chhuak hnam ni lo, Punjabi, Bengali, Tamil, Gujarati, Korean te hian ‘Mizo ka ni’ ti pawh nise, thisenin Mizo an ni thei lo; amaherawhchu, Manipur emaw, Tripura emaw, Assam emaw, Burma emaw, Chittagong emaw atanga lo kal Zo hnahthlak hnama mi chuan ‘Mizo ka ni lo’ ti pawh nise, thisenin Mizo a ni tho tho. Chuvangin, researcher ho leh ziak miten Mizo kan hrilhfiah thin danah pawh hian awmze nei deuh leh scientific deuhva hrilhfiah tum hi a tha hle dawn niin a lang. Unau kan nih zia tichiang tura MZP in kum 2002 atanga Zo Fest a huaihawt thin hi a lawmawm a, hei hi a zawngchhang thlak hle a ni. Chuvangin, tumahin unau kan nihna tibuai zawng leh tichhe zawnga hma la lovin, inunauna nghet tak leh inpumkhatna tha tak kan neih theih zawkna turin, mimal tinin hma ila ang u tiin kan insawm duh a ni. Zofate unau kan nih zia hre chianga, kan inpumkhat zel theihna turin Lalpa’n Zofate awmpui zel rawh se!

REFERENCES:-

1. H. Kamkhenthang, et al (Eds)., In search of Identity, Kuki Chin Baptist Union, Kuki Baptist Convention Press, Imphal, 1986, P. 5

2. Rev C Hrangzuala, The Lai People’s Struggle for Political and Ecclesiastical Autonomy, M.Th Thesis, Senate of Serampore, unpublished.,2000, p. 26.

3. Joseph Suantak, Khulmi-Beyond Idenity & Political Crises, Akansha Publishing House, New Delhi, 2012, pp. 31-32 & 56.

4. S. Prim Vaiphei’s “Who we are/Who are we?’ in Kamkhenthang, H et al (Eds). In search of Identity, Kuki Chin Baptist Union, Kuki Baptist Convention Press, Imphal, 1986, pp. 32-33.

5. Op.cit.

6. ZORO (Gen H.Q) Aizawl, Champhai Convention, Aizawl, 1988, p. 12.

7. B. Lalthangliana, Mizo Chanchin (A Short Account & Easy Reference of Mizo History), R.T.M. Press, Chhinga Veng, Aizawl, 2009, pp.1-3.

8. Vumson, Zo History, Aizawl, Mizoram, India, pp. 33-39.

9. F.K.Lehman, The Structure of Chin Society, Tribal Research Institute, Aizawl, Second Revised edition, 1980, p. 3.

10. F.K. Lehman’s ‘Ethnicity Theory, Linguistic and Chin Identity’ in K. Robin (ed) ‘Chin – History, Culture & Identity,’ Dominant Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi. 2009, pp. 1-4.

11. Lian H. Sakhong, In Search of Identity, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2003, p.3

12. B. Lalthangliana’s ‘Tawngin Zofate A Luan Khawmtir Dan’ in ‘Insuihkhawm,’ Zofest 2012 Souvenir, published by the MZP General Headquarters, Aizawl, 2012,p.28.

13. Op.cit, p. 4.

14. H. Kamkhenthang’s ‘Kuki Linguistic Groups in Historical Perspective’ in Ngamkhohao Haokip and Michael Lunminthang (ed) ‘Kuki Society – Past, Present, Future,’ Maxford Books, Delhi, 2011, pp. 1-3.

15. Singkhawkhai, Zo People and their Culture, Khampu Hatzaw, New Lamka, Churachandpur, Manipur, 1995, p.4

16. B. Lalthangliana’s ‘Tawngin Zofate A Luan Khawmtir Dan’, op.cit, p. 29

17. Jangkhongam Doungel, Evolution of District Council Autonomy in Mizoram, Spectrum Publications, Guwahati, 2010, pp. 1 & 27-28.

18. Sangkima, Essays on the History of the Mizos, Spectrum Publications, Guwahati, 2004), , p. 16).

19. H. Kamkhenthang’s ‘Kuki Linguistic Groups in Historical Perspective,’ op.cit, pp. 5-11.

20. Singkhawkhai, Zo People and their Culture, op.cit, pp. 2-3 & 69-71.

21. Jangkhongam Doungel’s ‘Genesis and Functioning of the Zo Re-unification Organisation (ZORO),’in SKWC Journal of Social Sciences, Volume VI, Issue 1, Jan-June, 2014,Dr L. Muhindro Singh (ed), p. 54.

22. Jangkhongam Doungel, Lai Chieftainship and its Impact in Politics, Balaji Publications, Delhi, 2015, pp. 46- 54.

23. Betram S. Carey & H.N. Tuck, Chin Hills – Volume I, Tribal Research Institute, Aizawl, Reprinted, 1976, pp.2-3.

24. T.S. Gangte, The Kukis of Manipur – A Historical Analysis, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 2003, p.4.

25. Lalmuanpuia Punte’s ‘Zofate Insuihkhawm Lehna’ in ‘Insuihkhawm,’ Zofest 2012 Souvenir, published by the MZP General Headquarters, Aizawl, 2012,p. 183.

26. Col. E.B. Elly, Military Expedition of the Chin-Lushai Country, Tribal Research Institute, Aizawl, Reprint, 1978, pp. 7-9.

27. Jangkhongam Doungel, Lai Chieftainship and its Impact in Politics,op.cit, pp. 111-116.

28. Alexander Mackenzie, Tshe North East Frontiers of India, Mittal Publication, New Delhi, 2004, pp. 204 & 212.

29. Colonel L.W. Shakespeare, History of the Assam Rifles, Tribal Research Institute, Aizawl, Reprinted, 1977, pp. 189 & 209-213.

30. The Chin Hills Regulation, 1896, Government Printing Press, Burma, 1897, pp. 6-7.

31. Jangkhongam Doungel’s ‘Impact of colonialism among the Zo ethnic group vis a vis the emergence of different autonomy movements’ ’in Historical Journal of Mizoram, Volume XVI, November 2015,Mizo History Association, Prof.Sangkima (ed), pp. 149-150.

32. C. Zama, Joshua Battalion (Zalenna Sual lai 1966-1986 a Manipur-a Zo Hnahthlakte Zoram chhana an chetchhuah dan), J.P. Offset Printers, published by the author, Aizawl, 2016, pp. 17-18

33. C. Hermana, Zoram Politics Thli Tleh Dan, Vol. 1, Presscom Production, Aizawl, 1992, pp. 69-72.

34. Vumson, op.cit, pp. 231-239.

35. Jangkhongam Doungel’s ‘Impact of Colonialism among the Zo Ethnic Group Vis a Vis the Emergence of Different Autonomy Movements,’ op.cit, pp. 153-154.

36. Ibid, p. 154.

37. Pamphlet of the Chin National Front, published by the Chin National Front.

38. Op.cit, pp155-156.

39. B.B. Kumar, Problems of Ethnicity in the North-East India, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, 2007, p. 53.

40. ‘Cross border unification campaign of the Zo ethnic group- a case study of the ZORO movement,” paper, presented by Jangkhongam Doungel in National Seminar on ‘Rethinking Construction of Frontier and Identity in North East India’, organized by Indian Council of Historical Research and Department of History, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl, Mizoram, 27th – 28th February, 2014.

41. Interview with R. Thangmawia (L) in his residence, Zarkawt, Aizawl, 11th February, 2014

42. ZORO, Zofate Lungkham Ram, Zo Reunification Organisation, General Headquarters, Aizawl.

43. R. Thangmawia, UNO leh Zofate, Zo Reunification Organisation, General Headquarters, Aizawl, pp. 16-17.

44. B.L. Hansaria, Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India- A Study, Jyoti Printers, Guwahati, 1983, pp. 4-6.

45. B. Pakem, India-Burma Relations, Omsons Publications, New Delhi, 1992, pp.107, 109 & 111-121.

46. C. Lalrambuatsaiha’s ‘Zofate dinchhuahna tur chu’ in ZOFA, souvenir of Zofa Global Festival 2014, Champhai, Mizoram, Aizawl, 2014, p. 51.